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IntegEner-W ![]() "Copy and paste" the above graphics logos into websites for *generous* commission sales of kits sold here of rotors capable of powering vehicle alternators and 30 to 90 volt PMG generators at high speed. Highlights Directory Customer Data Base Home Links & Projects Last Update: 3/05/10 More material, including document downloads in .pdf format, has been and is being added to the Wind Theory section of the home page on the right. Here is a good source of detailed analysis of wind turbine blade interaction with the wind, with references included to aviation and fluid dynamics textbooks, a specialty of IntegEner-W and not often seen elsewhere. An item in the "Things Under Review" section provides for the first time on the Internet (!?) a math derivation of a factor to be applied to verticals wind turbine (aka VAWT) blade swept areas in equilibrating them to horizontals blade swept areas. Also in this section are drawings of 35 and 40 MW (!) Combo Wind Generators provided in Wind Energy Quintessential, suggesting the continuation of wind turbine power production unit capacity increases. ![]() ![]() **** Multiple Turbine Boxed Rotor **** *** Sleeve & Spindle Blade Offset Hub *** See the dozens of new links now provided on the Home Links and Projects page to discussion threads on energy topics involving small wind, a continuing story of development at the grass roots level! (The Worldwide Sunrise/Sunset Times Calculations and Calendars have been removed from here to appear elsewhere in IntegEner's energy engineering.) For opening .pdf files, a free copy of the Adobe Acrobat reader may be downloaded by clicking on the image below:
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![]() Single/Three Phase Generators 50 Foot Diameter Rotors 75 Foot Tall Towers Check here for what's new! (Also see the left hand margin) note: text size adjustments on your browser toolbar sometimes advisable herein may be of interest. A location has been added to the Wind Theory section on the page below for them. Item 1, in .pdf format, covers some discussion of the STAR (Sweep Twist Adaptive Rotor) passive pitch concept and the contemplated DOD ARPA-E active boundary layer control blade surface jets to be studied. A few thoughts and suggestions are added strictly of our own. Click on the image. Hello. I am "Dutchy" the Windmill. In the U.S. a well-known fast food restaurant offers a "quarter pounder" hamburger. How is this described in the metric system around the world? Metrics uses kilograms for most weights and so it might be called the "hundred grammerburger". This mass has the weight force in metrics of about one newton and so this "McMeal in a bun" could also be called the "newtonburger" or "newtonianburger". When eating one, be careful to observe Newton's Laws! (Just kidding.) Air is the same way. A quarter pound of air occupies just a little over 3 cubic feet. What we breathe has mass and weight and, when taken in large enough volumes, can be more massive and heavier than even the largest ships and longest railroad trains many times over, certainly not beyond the dimensions of a ........
Click on "Dutchy or here"
Following next is a list of web sites that hold some information in the way of emerging, newer approaches to energy issues as well as up-to-date information on current technologies that supply the bulk of energy now being provided that may be of some interest to the viewer. A fact-filled site, provided by a coal energy industry organization, at which one can find state-by-state breakdowns of average electrical energy rates and pie charts of the energy mix in each state is the following: Center For Energy And Economic Development Coal gasification has been making great strides during the last few years, now seen as a major advance in many aspects of coal-fired technology, as can be researched at: Gasification Technologies Council  . For membership information in a coal-industry-supported, non-profit organization that offers further information on coal go to: American Coal Council . Several sites where can be found electrical energy generating equipment, particularly diesels and gas turbines, of ratings suitable for utility-grade application are the following: Belyea Cummins General Electric Katolight Wabash Waukesha Two important periodicals that cover the latest on the renewables in the electrical energy field can be found at the following locations: Windpower Monthly News Magazine New Energy Magazine
Progress continues to be made with geothermal heat pumps for occupied spaces heating and cooling. The ground has a high thermal capacity and is a deep source of heat flow and, as long as adequate measures are taken to limit wall and roof heat energy loss or gain, can be an efficient method of temperature control. Two associations that provide information on this technology are the International Ground Source Heat Pump Association and the Geothermal Heat Pump Consortium. Sites provided by two domestic and institutional suppliers are: Econar   New England Ground Source Heat Compact fluorescent lights are now improved and four times as efficient as the same brightness of incandescents. Much can be said in their favor, including significant impacts on electrical power generation once adopted by homeowners and businesses everywhere. Several sites that describe them (now including dimmable varieties and the new "Mini-Spirals" that are as small or smaller than ordinary bulbs) are:
Lights Of America
General Electric
Sylvania
Philips
Panasonic Some chapters are provided below, written into this website page, of the basics of a "Newtonian" approach to wind energy aerodynamics. It rests on the use of averaged velocity vector diagrams that consider a wind turbine blade cross section fixed in place while the wind is allowed to vary in speed and direction relative to it for both the horizontals and the verticals axis configurations. Chapter   1     Derivation Of The Basic Lift Force Equation Chapter   2     Drawing The Line Chapter   3     Thermal Combined Cycle RDF Chapter   4     Geese And Ducks Chapter   5     Home Of The Big Wind Chapter   6     Airfoil Lift Theory Revisited Chapter   7     Homework Assignment Chapter   8     The Horizontals - Also Negative Pitch Angles Chapter   9     The Verticals Chapter 10     Full Summary Analysis 1 A series of treatments of two dimensional aerodynamic theory for wind energy based more closely on standard textbook references, including those mentioned above under "Latest New Items" is provided as follows (pdf format): Part 1 - The Fluid Dynamics Stream Function "Psi" = y(x,y) Part 2 - The Fluid Dynamics Cross Stream Function or the Velocity Potential "Phi" = f(x,y) Part 3 - The Psi and Phi Functions as Used in Describing Uniform Flow Part 4 - As Used in Describing Flow Sources and Sinks Part 5 - As Used in Describing the Flow Doublet Part 6 - Flow Stream Superposition to Form Flow Around Cylinder Part 7 - As Used in Describing Vortex Flow Part 8 - Pressure Distributions Throughout The Flow Field Part 9 - Flow Around Cylinder With Superposed Circulation Part10 - Lift Force Derivation With Conservation of Momentum Several Items On Blade Drag as it Relates to Blade Efficiency. As the years go by and blade lengths increase, it is becoming increasingly evident that more attention is likely to be given to this facet of blade design. Blade thickness, called out for special mention in various studies and publications, increases blade structural strength and hence allows greater blade length but also increases blade drag, hence, in turn, requiring additional blade length, thus requiring additional blade thickness, and so on. A few documents in .pdf format that address this question may be downloaded via the links below. Item 1 - NREL Conference Paper, "The Evolution of Rotor and Blade Design", May, 2000, by James L. Tangler Item 2 - Report, "Development of Wind Turbine Blade Design", with excerpts copied in from NREL Program Overviews, 1990 - 1993, along with copies of Sandia 2006 Blade Workshop Power Point Slides, and Fluid Dynamics textbook pages. Includes some commentary, August, 2009. Following is a series of memoranda on the content of Abbott and von Doenhoff, Theory of Wing Sections, 1959 Edition, Article 3.5, relating to airfoil thickness ratios: Item 3 - Copy of Book Text of Article 3.5 With Overview Comments Item 4 - De Moivre's Theorem and Complex Variables In Article 3.5 Discussed Item 5 - The Joukowsky Transformation As Applied Using PC BASIC Software Item 6 - Aerodynamic Lift Discussed; Various Arguments Based On Blade Design Copies of email messages in .pdf format in which R&D projects contemplated or under way bearing on some of the topics above are addressed: Item 1 - The STAR rotor, the DOD ARPA-E blade suface jets, and Some Suggested Approaches |