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"Copy and paste" the above graphics logos into websites for *generous* commission sales of kits sold here of rotors capable of powering vehicle alternators and 30 to 90 volt PMG generators at high speed.
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Last Update: 3/05/10
More material, including document downloads in .pdf format, has been and is being added to the Wind Theory section of the home page on the right. Here is a good source of detailed analysis of wind turbine blade interaction with the wind, with references included to aviation and fluid dynamics textbooks, a specialty of IntegEner-W and not often seen elsewhere.
An item in the "Things Under Review" section provides for the first time on the Internet (!?) a math derivation of a factor to be applied to verticals wind turbine (aka VAWT) blade swept areas in equilibrating them to horizontals blade swept areas.
Also in this section are drawings of 35 and 40 MW (!) Combo Wind Generators provided in
Wind Energy Quintessential, suggesting the continuation of wind turbine power production unit capacity increases.
**** Multiple Turbine Boxed Rotor ****
*** Sleeve & Spindle Blade Offset Hub ***
See the dozens of new links now provided on the Home Links and Projects page to discussion threads on energy topics involving small wind, a continuing story of development at the grass roots level!
(The Worldwide
Sunrise/Sunset
Times Calculations
and Calendars have
been removed from
here to appear
elsewhere in
IntegEner's energy
engineering.)
For opening .pdf files, a free copy of the Adobe Acrobat reader may be downloaded by clicking on the image below:
Single/Three Phase Generators
50 Foot Diameter Rotors
75 Foot Tall Towers
Check here for what's new!
(Also see the left hand margin)
note: text size adjustments on your browser toolbar sometimes advisable
Email messages generated during the course of communications related to some of the topics coveredherein may be of interest. A location has been added to the Wind Theory section on the page below for
them. Item 1, in .pdf format, covers some discussion of the STAR (Sweep Twist Adaptive Rotor) passive
pitch concept and the contemplated DOD ARPA-E active boundary layer control blade surface jets to be
studied. A few thoughts and suggestions are added strictly of our own. Click on the image.
Classical Fluid Dynamics Including Kinematic Flow Theory As Applied To Wind Energy If these engineering textbooks by Abbott and von Doenhoff, G. K. Batchelor, and Reddick and Miller are familiar to you, refer to footnote 1 at the bottom of this page. Efforts are being applied to convert the analyses more directly to wind energy while retaining their rigor, detailing and extending treatment that is otherwise more aviation-based. Such studies of the basics are compelling and lend weight to the use of computer methods. Note that the aircraft wing lift force alone continues to draw strong interest and comment as is evident on popular encyclopedia and "Wiki" pedia websites.
"In conformance with the latest aerodynamic ideas, puts the basic forces acting on wings and blades - and their wonder - to rest!" This caption on the cover says it all. The IntegEner-W 30 page "Aerodynamic Lift as it applies to Birds, Aircraft, Wind Turbines" booklet is a contributor to updated theories based on readily comprehended averaged flow concepts and will quickly bring up to date those who have not yet been exposed to them. The booklet is available as an immediately downloadable document in PDF and HTML format, including cover pages and in full color, and includes ten progressive development computer programs which generate screen images that make use of greater math detail (see above), all for $4.95 via PayPal. For further information and procedures for ordering just click on the images. 
Images such as this airfoil and these fluid flow "y" line patterns (with cross flow "f" lines) are examples of screen outputs of ten PC programs in BASIC now available with a purchase of the "Aerodynamic Lift" booklet mentioned above. A BASIC compiler is also included. This help is invaluable for the teaching and learning of material in fluid dynamics textbooks as applied to wind energy problems.
Hello. I am "Dutchy" the Windmill. In the U.S. a well-known fast food restaurant offers a "quarter pounder" hamburger. How is this described in the metric system around the world? Metrics uses kilograms for most weights and so it might be called the "hundred grammerburger". This mass has the weight force in metrics of about one newton and so this "McMeal in a bun" could also be called the "newtonburger" or "newtonianburger". When eating one, be careful to observe Newton's Laws! (Just kidding.) Air is the same way. A quarter pound of air occupies just a little over 3 cubic feet. What we breathe has mass and weight and, when taken in large enough volumes, can be more massive and heavier than even the largest ships and longest railroad trains many times over, certainly not beyond the dimensions of a ........
Click on "Dutchy or here"
TEST SERIES VIDEO ONE This is the same 51 inch diameter blade rotor under test as seen in video two just below mounted on the wooden tower and powering a much larger generator now than the one previously used. It is a Baldor one horsepower 90 volt DC motor used as a generator. The rotor consists of 36 inch diameter metal blades plus blade sheet metal doubles connected with struts designed to give the rotor more airflow deflection capability. The load is now much greater, a string of 12 volt auto lights, including several 50 watt halogens, connected in series, about 250 watts. Just click on the image for a fast download of the 530 kb video of the blade rotor powering the lights.
TEST SERIES VIDEO TWO This is the 51 inch diameter blade rotor described above during an earlier test mounted on the wooden tower and powering an AMETEK-type 30 volt DC motor available as a generator. Normally such a blade rotor diameter would be compatible with a generator of this rating but the "doubled blades" design feature created a runaway problem that was corrected with the larger generator. The load here consisted of about 17 small 12 volt lights, about 50 to 100 watts total. Just click on the image for a fast download of the 380 kb video.
TEST SERIES VIDEO THREE This is the H-MicroRotator - the horizontal axis small wind rotor. Plenty of rotational speed. Even a friction drive speed converter. Plenty of torque. Watch the generator spin and the lights light up. Just click on the image for a fast download - about 510 kb.
Also see the VIDEO of the V-MicroRotator ("V" for "Vertical" axis) running in the wind on the Special Offers page.
Following next is a list of web sites that hold some information in the way of emerging, newer approaches to energy issues as well as up-to-date information on current technologies that supply the bulk of energy now being provided that may be of some interest to the viewer.
A fact-filled site, provided by a coal energy industry organization, at which one can find state-by-state breakdowns of average electrical energy rates and pie charts of the energy mix in each state is the following: Center For Energy And Economic Development
Coal gasification has been making great strides during the last few years, now seen as a major advance in many aspects of coal-fired technology, as can be researched at: Gasification Technologies Council . For membership information in a coal-industry-supported, non-profit organization that offers further information on coal go to: American Coal Council .
Several sites where can be found electrical energy generating equipment, particularly diesels and gas turbines, of ratings suitable for utility-grade application are the following:
Belyea Cummins General Electric Katolight Wabash Waukesha
Two important periodicals that cover the latest on the renewables in the electrical energy field can be found at the following locations:
Windpower Monthly News Magazine New Energy Magazine
An overlooked idea on
transportation that would interest EV and pedal-power supporters
(recommended for its to-be-desired mundane appeal) is: BikeTrans
Progress continues to be made with geothermal heat pumps for occupied spaces heating and cooling. The ground has a high thermal capacity and is a deep source of heat flow and, as long as adequate measures are taken to limit wall and roof heat energy loss or gain, can be an efficient method of temperature control. Two associations that provide information on this technology are the International Ground Source Heat Pump Association and the Geothermal Heat Pump Consortium. Sites provided by two domestic and institutional suppliers are:
Econar New England Ground Source Heat
Compact fluorescent lights are now improved and four times as efficient as the same brightness of incandescents. Much can be said in their favor, including significant impacts on electrical power generation once adopted by homeowners and businesses everywhere. Several sites that describe them (now including dimmable varieties and the new "Mini-Spirals" that are as small or smaller than ordinary bulbs) are:
Lights Of America
General Electric
Sylvania
Philips
Panasonic
Technical Consumer Products
Compact Fluorescent Offer
Some chapters are provided below, written into this website page, of the basics of a "Newtonian" approach to
wind energy aerodynamics. It rests on the use of averaged velocity vector diagrams that consider a wind turbine
blade cross section fixed in place while the wind is allowed to vary in speed and direction relative to it for both
the horizontals and the verticals axis configurations.
Chapter 1 Derivation Of The Basic Lift Force Equation
Chapter 2 Drawing The Line
Chapter 3 Thermal Combined Cycle RDF
Chapter 4 Geese And Ducks
Chapter 5 Home Of The Big Wind
Chapter 6 Airfoil Lift Theory Revisited
Chapter 7 Homework Assignment
Chapter 8 The Horizontals - Also Negative Pitch Angles
Chapter 9 The Verticals
Chapter 10 Full Summary Analysis
1 A series of treatments of two dimensional aerodynamic theory for wind energy based more closely on
standard textbook references, including those mentioned above under "Latest New Items" is provided as
follows (pdf format):
Part 1 - The Fluid Dynamics Stream Function "Psi" = y(x,y)
Part 2 - The Fluid Dynamics Cross Stream Function or the Velocity Potential "Phi" = f(x,y)
Part 3 - The Psi and Phi Functions as Used in Describing Uniform Flow
Part 4 - As Used in Describing Flow Sources and Sinks
Part 5 - As Used in Describing the Flow Doublet
Part 6 - Flow Stream Superposition to Form Flow Around Cylinder
Part 7 - As Used in Describing Vortex Flow
Part 8 - Pressure Distributions Throughout The Flow Field
Part 9 - Flow Around Cylinder With Superposed Circulation
Part10 - Lift Force Derivation With Conservation of Momentum
Several Items On Blade Drag as it Relates to Blade Efficiency. As the years go by and blade lengths
increase, it is becoming increasingly evident that more attention is likely to be given to this facet of blade
design. Blade thickness, called out for special mention in various studies and publications, increases blade
structural strength and hence allows greater blade length but also increases blade drag, hence, in turn,
requiring additional blade length, thus requiring additional blade thickness, and so on. A few documents in
.pdf format that address this question may be downloaded via the links below.
Item 1 - NREL Conference Paper, "The Evolution of Rotor and Blade Design", May, 2000, by James L.
Tangler
Item 2 - Report, "Development of Wind Turbine Blade Design", with excerpts copied in from NREL Program
Overviews, 1990 - 1993, along with copies of Sandia 2006 Blade Workshop Power Point Slides, and
Fluid Dynamics textbook pages. Includes some commentary, August, 2009.
Following is a series of memoranda on the content of Abbott and von Doenhoff, Theory of Wing
Sections, 1959 Edition, Article 3.5, relating to airfoil thickness ratios:
Item 3 - Copy of Book Text of Article 3.5 With Overview Comments
Item 4 - De Moivre's Theorem and Complex Variables In Article 3.5 Discussed
Item 5 - The Joukowsky Transformation As Applied Using PC BASIC Software
Item 6 - Aerodynamic Lift Discussed; Various Arguments Based On Blade Design
Copies of email messages in .pdf format in which R&D projects contemplated or under way bearing on some
of the topics above are addressed:
Item 1 - The STAR rotor, the DOD ARPA-E blade suface jets, and Some Suggested Approaches